Understanding the dynamics of deceased organ donation and utilization in Colombia / Examen de la dinámica de la donación y utilización de órganos de personas fallecidas en Colombia / Entendendo a dinâmica da doação e do aproveitamento de órgãos de pessoas falecidas na Colômbia

ABSTRACT Objective. To obtain a comprehensive overview of organ donation, organ utilization, and discard in the entire donation process in Colombia. Methods. A retrospective study of 1 451 possible donors, distributed in three regions of Colombia, evaluated in 2022. The general characteristics, diagnosis, and causes of contraindication for potential donors were described. Results. Among the 1 451 possible donors, 441 (30.4%) fulfilled brain death criteria, constituting the potential donor pool. Families consented to organ donation in 141 medically suitable cases, while 60 instances utilized legal presumption, leading to 201 eligible donors (13.9%). Of those, 160 (11.0%) were actual donors (in whom operative incision was made with the intent of organ recovery or who had at least one organ recovered). Finally, we identified 147 utilized donors (10.1%) (from whom at least one organ was transplanted). Statistically significant differences were found between age, sex, diagnosis of brain death, and donor critical pathway between regions. A total of 411 organs were transplanted from 147 utilized donors, with kidneys being the most frequently procured and transplanted organs, accounting for 280 (68.1%) of the total. This was followed by 85 livers (20.7%), 31 hearts (7.5%), 14 lungs (3.4%), and 1 pancreas (0.2%). The discard rate of procured deceased donors was 8.1%. Conclusions. About one-tenth of donors are effectively used for transplantation purposes. Our findings highlight areas of success and challenges, providing a basis for future improvements in Colombia.

RESUMEN Objetivo. Presentar una descripción integral de la donación, utilización y descarte de órganos en todo el proceso de donación en Colombia. Métodos. Estudio retrospectivo de 1 451 donantes posibles, distribuidos en tres regiones de Colombia, que fueron evaluados en el 2022. Se describen las características generales, el diagnóstico y las causas de contraindicación de los donantes potenciales. Resultados. De los 1 451 donantes posibles, 441 (30,4%) cumplían con los criterios de muerte encefálica y constituyeron el conjunto de donantes potenciales. Las familias consintieron la donación de órganos en 141 casos aptos desde el punto de vista médico, mientras que en 60 casos se recurrió a la presunción legal, con lo que se llegó a 201 donantes aptos (13,9%). De estos, 160 (11,0%) fueron donantes reales (en los que se les practicó una incisión quirúrgica para la extracción de órganos o se obtuvo al menos un órgano). En última instancia, hubo 147 donantes utilizados (10,1%) (de los que se trasplantó al menos un órgano). Se observaron diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre las regiones en cuanto a edad, sexo, diagnóstico de muerte encefálica y vía crítica del donante. Se trasplantaron un total de 411 órganos procedentes de 147 donantes utilizados; los riñones fueron los órganos obtenidos y trasplantados con mayor frecuencia, ya que supusieron 280 (68,1%) del total de órganos, seguidos del hígado (85, 20,7%), el corazón (31 , 7,5%), los pulmones (14, 3,4%) y el páncreas (1, 0,2%). La tasa de descarte de los donantes fallecidos disponibles fue del 8,1%. Conclusiones. Aproximadamente una décima parte de los donantes son utilizados, de hecho, para realizar trasplantes. Estos datos destacan las áreas en las que se han obtenido buenos resultados y aquellas en las que se presentan desafíos, lo cual proporciona una base para futuras mejoras en Colombia.

RESUMO Objetivo. Obter uma visão geral e abrangente da doação, do aproveitamento e do descarte de órgãos em todo o processo de doação na Colômbia. Métodos. Estudo retrospectivo de 1 451 possíveis doadores em três regiões da Colômbia que foram avaliados em 2022. Foram descritas as características gerais, o diagnóstico e os motivos para a contraindicação de potenciais doadores. Resultados. Dentre os 1 451 possíveis doadores, 441 (30,4%) preencheram os critérios de morte encefálica, formando o grupo de potenciais doadores. Em 141 casos considerados clinicamente aptos, as famílias consentiram com a doação de órgãos, e em 60 casos utilizou-se o princípio da presunção legal, resultando em 201 doadores elegíveis (13,9%). Desses, 160 (11,0%) foram doadores efetivos (ou seja, doadores nos quais foi feita uma incisão cirúrgica com a intenção de remover um órgão ou pessoas com pelo menos um órgão removido). Por fim, foram identificados 147 doadores utilizados (10,1%) (ou seja, que doaram pelo menos um órgão que foi transplantado). Foram encontradas diferenças estatisticamente significantes entre idade, sexo, diagnóstico de morte encefálica e itinerário crítico de doação entre as regiões. Um total de 411 órgãos foram transplantados de 147 doadores utilizados. Os rins foram os órgãos mais frequentemente removidos e transplantados, representando 280 (68,1%) do total, seguido de 85 fígados (20,7%), 31 corações (7,5%), 14 pulmões (3,4%) e 1 pâncreas (0,2%). A taxa de descarte de doadores falecidos com órgãos removidos foi de 8,1%. Conclusões. Cerca de um décimo dos doadores são efetivamente usados para fins de transplante. Nossos achados destacam áreas de sucesso e desafios, oferecendo uma base para futuras melhorias na Colômbia.

Conventional versus flap-protected free gingival graft: a multicenter randomized clinical trial

Abstract The purpose of this study was to compare the outcomes of a modified gingival graft technique, in which the released flap is positioned and sutured over the graft, with the conventional free gingival graft (FGG) procedure, when both are used for gingival augmentation. A 12-month, multicenter parallel randomized controlled trial was conducted. Subjects with buccal RT2 gingival recessions and keratinized tissue width (KTW) < 2 mm in at least one mandibular incisor were randomized to control group (n = 20; conventional FGG) or test group (n = 20; modified FGG; flap sutured over FGG using sling sutures). The primary outcome (KTW) was measured at baseline and after 3, 6 and 12 months, as was keratinized tissue thickness (KTT). Postoperative pain (POP) and analgesic intake were also recorded. Both techniques promoted a significant increase in KTW and KTT when compared to baseline (p < 0.05) with no significant differences between groups (KTW change of 6.1±1.5 mm and 5.4±1.6 mm, for control and test, respectively; p=0.16). However, test group patients reported less POP after 7 days and used less analgesic medication than control group patients (p < 0.05). We concluded that the modified FGG was comparable to conventional FGG in augmenting keratinized tissue width and thickness at mandibular incisors, but resulted in less patient morbidity.

Clinical characteristics and antiviral therapy of influenza in immunosuppressed hospitalized patients / 中华临床感染病杂志

Objective:To analyse the clinical characteristics and antiviral therapy in immunosuppressed hospitalized patients with influenza.Methods:The clinical data of 273 patients with positive influenza A or B virus nucleic acid admitted in Peking University People’s Hospital from November 2015 to March 2022 were retrospectively analyzed. Among them, 123 were immunosuppressed and 150 were non-immunosuppressed. The clinical characteristics and antiviral therapy in immunosuppressed patients with influenza were analyzed. SPSS 22.0 software was used to analyze the data.Results:Chemotherapy for malignancies was the most common cause of immunosuppression (61.8%, 76/123), followed by haemopoietic stem cell transplantation (24.4%, 30/123). The common symptoms were fever (93.5%, 115/123) and cough (41.5%, 51/123). The proportions of co-infections (22.8%, 28/123) and complications (43.9%, 54/123) in immunosuppressed hospitalized patients were higher than those in non-immunosuppressed patients ( χ2=9.365 and 7.496, both P<0.01). Compared with single drug therapy, combination of antiviral drugs did not shorten the fever time, negative conversion time of virus nucleic acid and the length of hospital stay, and reduce the death ( U/ χ2=312.5, 356.0, 749.5 and 0.185, all P>0.05). Compared to patients without corticosteroids use, the use of corticosteroids did not increase mortality in immunosuppressed patients ( χ2=2.508, P=0.113). Conclusions:Classical symptoms may be absent in immunosuppressed patients with influenza, and early detection of influenza virus is still an important means of early diagnosis. Co-infections and complications are more common in immunosuppressed influenza patients. Immunosuppressed influenza patients did not benefit from the combination of antiviral therapy.

Transplante de células-tronco hematopoiéticas: iniquidades na distribuição em território brasileiro, 2001 a 2020 / Hematopoietic stem-cell transplants in Brazil: inequities in the distribution in Brazilian territory, 2001 to 2020

Resumo O objetivo deste artigo é descrever a distribuição de Centros Transplantadores (CTs) e transplantes de células-tronco hematopoiéticas (TCTH) no território brasileiro. Estudo descritivo, que reúne informações sobre a distribuição CTs e o número de procedimentos realizados entre 2001 e 2020, a partir das fontes dos dados: Sociedade Brasileira de Terapia celular e Transplantes de Medula Óssea (SBTMO); Associação Brasileira de Transplante de Órgãos (ABTO); Sistema de Informações Hospitalares do Sistema Único de Saúde (SIH/SUS); e Ministério da Saúde (MS). Foram identificados 86 CTs, com predominância na região Sudeste do país (64%). A região Norte não possui CTs. No período contabilizaram-se mais de 30 mil procedimentos, concentrados nas regiões Sudeste e Sul. O TCTH do tipo alogênico foi prevalente. Constataram-se divergências entre os números de transplantes realizados a depender da fonte consultada. Apesar do crescimento do número de procedimentos no período do estudo, tanto a distribuição de CTs quanto o número de TCTHs se concentrou em regiões mais desenvolvidas. Essa heterogeneidade pode ter propiciado iniquidades no acesso ao tratamento pela população.

Abstract The scope of this article is to describe the distribution of Transplant Centers (TCs) and hematopoietic stem-cell transplants (HSCTs) in the Brazilian territory. It is a descriptive study, which brings together information on the distribution of TCs and the number of procedures performed between 2001 and 2020, based on the following data sources: the Brazilian Cell Therapy and Bone Marrow Transplant Society of (SBTMO); the Brazilian Organ Transplant Association (ABTO); the Hospital Information System of the Unified Health System (SIH/SUS); and the Ministry of Health (MS). A total of 86 TCs were identified, predominantly in the Southeastern region of the country (64%). There are no TCs in the Northern region. Throughout the period, there were more than 30,000 procedures, concentrated in the Southeastern and Southern regions. The allogeneic type of HSCT was prevalent. Differences were found between the numbers of transplants performed depending on the source consulted. Despite the increase in the number of procedures during the period studied, both the distribution of TCs and the number of HSCTs were concentrated in more developed regions. This heterogeneity may have led to inequities in the access of the population to treatment.

Organ commercialism, trafficking and transplant tourism

The gap between demand and supply of organs continues to widen worldwide, encouraging transplant commercialism. While solid organ commerce is most prevalent in impoverished countries, commercialisation of body parts such as tissues is prevalent in economically developed countries. A number of international legal instruments and transplant societies define, condemn, and criminalise these practices and have issued statements related to organ commercialism. In contrast, limited attention has been paid to illicit and unethical activities associated with the procurement and clinical use of tissues. In India, The Transplantation of Human Organs (Amendment) Act, 2011, has taken multiple measures to combat organ and tissue commerce and as a result the number of such instances seems to be on the decline. However, the fight against unethical organ procurement through the internet and the social media is challenging and requires the cooperation of global bodies. Keywords: Organ trade, Declaration of Istanbul, tissue commerce, organ transplants, transplant tourism

Aterosclerosis en puente venoso aorto-coronario: hallazgos del OFDI: caso clínico / Findings of optical coherence tomography in saphenous grafts failure: report of one case

Atherosclerosis is the main cause of late saphenous vein graft (SVG) failure. Intracoronary images using optical coherence tomography (OCT) in addition to angiography allow a detailed analysis of the lesion beyond the degree of stenosis. We report a 67 years old diabetic male who underwent coronary surgery in 2009, consulting for an acute coronary syndrome. Angiography showed two different lesions on one aortocoronary venous grafts. OCT demonstrates atherosclerosis in different stages identifying the culprit lesion. Stent placement were successfully carried out.

Xenotransplantation: a consistent perspective / Xenotransplante: uma perspectiva consistente

ABSTRACT Are presented results of experimental pig kidney xenotransplantation in Brazil, which aims to reduce the waiting list mortality due to shortage of organs. Recent clinical results obtained abroad are commented.

RESUMO Apresentam-se resultados de xenotransplante suíno de rim experimental no Brasil que visa reduzir as listas de espera nas quais falecem muitos inscritos à espera do transplante. Comentam-se os recentes resultados clínicos obtidos no exterior.

Techniques and Outcomes of the No-Touch Vein Conduit as a Y-Composite Graft

ABSTRACT Although the saphenous vein is a widely used conduit for coronary artery bypass grafting, revascularization using the saphenous vein as an aortocoronary bypass graft has shown disadvantages of lower long-term graft patency rates and subsequently worse clinical outcomes, compared with revascularization using the internal thoracic artery. Of the various efforts to overcome the limitations of vein conduit that are resulting from structural and functional differences from arterial conduit, recent technical improvement in no-touch vein composite graft construction and outcomes of revascularization using no-touch vein composite grafts based on the left internal thoracic artery will be discussed in this topic.

Identificação por enfermeiros da dimensão das emoções presentes no processo de doação de órgãos e tecidos / Identificación por enfermeras de la dimensión de emociones presentes en el proceso de donación de órganos y tejidos / Identification by nurses of the dimension of emotions present in the organ and tissue donation process

OBJETIVO: Conhecer as emoções identificadas por enfermeiros no processo de doação ao transplante de órgãos e tecidos. METODOLOGIA: Estudo qualitativo descritivo-exploratório, fundamentado na perspectiva Sociopoética. O Grupo- Pesquisador foi desenvolvido em 2015 é composto por 8 enfermeiros que trabalhavam há mais de 6 meses no processo de doação/transplantes de órgãos de um hospital geral do extremo sul do estado da Bahia, Brasil. A produção de dados foi orientada por desenhos, para estímulo dos sentidos. Os áudios foram transcritos, textualizados e categorizados segundo análise de conteúdo de Bardin. As exigências éticas da pesquisa com seres humanos do país foram cumpridas. RESULTADOS: As principais dimensões dos enfermeiros sobre as emoções no trabalho de doação para transplante de órgãos e tecidos foram agrupadas nos seguintes temas: prazer do resultado, da incerteza da doação à satisfação do transplante, a motivação para transformar a aflição em contentamento, e da dor da perda ao júbilo por receber um órgão e finalmente obter qualidade de vida. CONCLUSÕES: Concluiu-se que a identificação das dimensões das emoções presentes no processo de doação de órgãos e tecidos, por enfermeiros, têm a possibilidade de promover aprimoramento de suas atividades cotidianas dentre outros fatores que influenciam o trabalho desses profissionais.(AU)

OBJECTIVES: To investigate the process of organ and tissue donation for transplantation from the perspective of nurses. METHODS: Qualitative descriptive-exploratory study, based on the Sociopoetic perspective. The Researcher Group was developed in 2015 and consists of 8 nurses who had worked for more than 6 months in the organ donation / transplantation process of a general hospital in the extreme south of the state of Bahia, Brazil. The production of data was guided by drawings, to stimulate the senses. The audios were transcribed, textualized and categorized according to Bardin's content analysis. The ethical requirements of research with human beings in the country have been met. RESULTS: Las principales dimensiones de las emociones de las enfermeras en el trabajo de donación para el trasplante de órganos y tejidos se agruparon en los siguientes temas: placer por el resultado, desde la incertidumbre de la donación hasta la satisfacción del trasplante, la motivación para transformar la angustia en alegría y el dolor de pérdida de alegría por recibir un órgano y finalmente obtener calidad de vida. CONCLUSIONS: It was concluded that the identification of the dimensions of the emotions present in the organ and tissue donation process, identified by nurses, has the possibility of promoting improvement in their daily activities, among other factors that influence the work of these professionals.(AU)

OBJETIVO(S): Investigar el proceso de donación de órganos y tejidos para trasplante desde la perspectiva de las enfermeras de un hospital de referencia general para una organización de obtención de órganos. METODOLOGÍA: Estudio cualitativo descriptivo-exploratorio, basado en la perspectiva Sociopoética. El Grupo de Investigadores se desarrolló en 2015 y está integrado por 8 enfermeras que habían trabajado durante más de 6 meses en el proceso de donación / trasplante de órganos de un hospital general en el extremo sur del estado de Bahía, Brasil. La producción de datos fue guiada por dibujos, para estimular los sentidos. Los audios se transcribieron, textualizaron y categorizaron de acuerdo con el análisis de contenido de Bardin. Se han cumplido los requisitos éticos de la investigación con seres humanos en el país. RESULTADOS: Las principales dimensiones de las emociones de las enfermeras en el trabajo de donación para el trasplante de órganos y tejidos se agruparon en los siguientes temas: placer por el resultado, desde la incertidumbre de la donación hasta la satisfacción del trasplante, la motivación para transformar la angustia en alegría y el dolor de pérdida de alegría por recibir un órgano y finalmente obtener calidad de vida. CONCLUSIONES: Se concluyó que la identificación de las dimensiones de las emociones presentes en el proceso de donación de órganos y tejidos, identificadas por los enfermeros, tiene la posibilidad de promover la mejora en sus actividades diarias, entre otros factores que influyen en el trabajo de estos profesionales.(AU)

Profilaxis antifúngica primaria en pacientes oncohematológicos: ¿a quiénes, cuándo y con qué? / Primary antifungal prophylaxis in oncohematological patients: who, when, and with what?

Resumen Las infecciones fúngicas invasoras (IFI) constituyen una de las principales complicaciones infecciosas en pacientes oncohematológicos y con trasplante de células progenitoras hematopoyéticas (TCPH), ocasionando alta morbimortalidad e incrementando significativamente los costos de atención y la estadía hos pitalaria. La epidemiología de las IFI ha cambiado en las últimas décadas, siendo los hongos filamentosos, particularmente Aspergillus spp., los principales agentes etiológicos. Existen múltiples factores de riesgo para una IFI; pero la neutropenia profunda y prolongada, y la inmunodeficiencia celular severa siguen siendo los más importantes. Por este motivo, la población de mayor riesgo la constituyen los pacientes con leucemias agudas, mielodisplasias y TCPH alogénicos con enfermedad injerto contra huésped (EICH), en tratamiento con corticoides. Numerosos ensayos clínicos aleatorizados y metaanálisis han demostrado que la profilaxis antifúngica primaria (PAF) reduce significativamente la incidencia de IFI, tanto de aquellas causadas por Candida spp. como por Aspergillus spp., la mortalidad relacionada a IFI y la mortalidad global en algunos grupos de pacientes. Asimismo, en enfermos de alto riesgo, en donde se espera una incidencia de IFI elevada, es una estrategia costo-efectiva. Varios antifúngicos han demostrado beneficio clínico y pueden utilizarse como estrategia de PAF en diferentes escenarios, presentando ventajas y desventajas que deben ser tenidas en cuenta al momento de indicar una PAF. Para esto, sociedades científicas nacionales e internacionales, han emitido recomendaciones de indicación de PAF. Se analizan los aspectos relacionados con la eficacia clínica de los diferentes antifúngicos según la población de riesgo, las potenciales desventajas, momento y forma de administración.

Abstract Invasive fungal infections (IFI) are among the main infectious complications in patients with hema tological malignancies and with hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT), causing high morbidity and mortality and significantly increasing the healthcare cost and hospital stay. The epidemiology of IFIs has changed in recent decades, with filamentous fungi, particularly Aspergillus spp., being the main etiological agents. There are multiple risk factors for having an IFI; however, the most important are profound and prolonged neutropenia and severe cellular immunodeficiency. For this reason, the population at greatest risk is made up of patients with acute leukemias, myelodysplasias and allogeneic HSCT with graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) treated with cortico steroids. Numerous randomized clinical trials and meta-analyses have shown that primary antifungal prophylaxis (AFP) significantly reduces the incidence of IFI, particularly those caused by Candida spp. and Aspergillus spp., IFI-related mortality, and overall mortality in some group of patients. Likewise, in high-risk patients, where a high incidence of IFI is expected, it is a cost-effective strategy. Several antifungals have demonstrated clinical benefit. They can be used as a AFP strategy in different settings, presenting advantages and disadvantages that must be taken into account in each case. For this, national and international scientific societies have issued recom mendations for the indication of AFP. Aspects related to the different antifungals' clinical efficacy are analyzed considering the population at risk, the potential disadvantages, timing, and form of administration.

Drogas imunossupressoras afetam os núcleos hipotalâmicos envolvidos na ingestão alimentar ? estudo experimental / Do the immunosuppressive drugs affect the hypothalamic nuclei involved in the regulation of food intake? an experimental study

RESUMO - RACIONAL: Drogas imunossupressoras são indispensáveis para pacientes pós-transplante, diminuindo, significativamente, os riscos de rejeição inerentes a este tipo de procedimento. No entanto, seus efeitos colaterais sobre os núcleos hipotalâmicos envolvidos na regulação da ingestão de alimentos e o efeito no excessivo ganho de peso e suas comorbidades associadas são desconhecidos. OBJETIVO: Analisar a ocorrência de alterações morfológicas dos núcleos paraventricular, área hipotalâmica lateral, dorsomedial, ventromedial e arqueado em ratos Wistar submetidos ao tratamento imunossupressor com Tacrolimus (TAC) ou Micofenolato Mofetil (MMF). MÉTODOS: Foram utilizados Ratos Wistar machos adultos distribuídos, randomicamente, em quatro grupos de acordo com o tratamento oral utilizado por 14 semanas: Controle; Sham (Placebo); Tacrolimus (TAC 1mg/kg peso) e Micofenolato Mofetil (MMF 30mg/kg peso). Ao final do tratamento, os animais foram eutanasiados e seus encéfalos fixados para o processamento histológico. Posteriormente, as lâminas foram fotodocumentadas para o desenvolvimento da análise estereológica dos corpos celulares dos neurônios dos núcleos hipotalâmicos, tendo como parâmetros a densidade neuronal e no número de neurônios. RESULTADOS: Todos os grupos estudados mostraram curva de ganho de peso ponderal durante todo o período de experimento. Não houve diferença significativa na densidade neuronal e no número de neurônios hipotalâmicos dos núcleos hipotalâmicos entre os grupos estudados. Não foram detectadas alterações morfológicas dos corpos celulares dos neurônios hipotalâmicos capazes de serem imputadas ao uso dos imunossupressores envolvidos no estudo. CONCLUSÃO: O tratamento dos animais experimentais com os imunossupressores não evidenciou alterações no número e densidade dos corpos celulares dos neurônios dos núcleos hipotalâmicos estudados.

ABSTRACT - BACKGROUND: Immunosuppressive drugs are essential for reducing the rejection risk in post-transplant patients, which is commonly associated with this procedure. However, side effects of those drugs on the hypothalamic nuclei involved in the food intake regulation, excessive weight gain, and also associated comorbidities are still unknown. PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to analyze possible changes in the neuronal morphology and cell density in the paraventricular nuclei, lateral hypothalamic area, dorsomedial nuclei, and ventromedial and arcuate nuclei in Wistar rats submitted to immunosuppressive treatment with tacrolimus (TAC) or mycophenolate mofetil (MMF). METHODS: Adult male Wistar rats were randomly assigned to the following groups according to the oral treatment administered for 14 weeks: control, sham (placebo), TAC (1 mg/kg of weight), and MMF (30 mg/kg of weight). After treatment, the animals were sacrificed and their brains fixed for later histological staining. Subsequently, the slides were photodocumented for stereological analysis of the hypothalamic nuclei. RESULTS: All experimental groups showed a weight gain throughout the study. There was no significant difference in neuronal density/number of cells in the hypothalamic nuclei between groups. Morphological changes were not detected in the hypothalamic neurons. CONCLUSION: Treatments with immunosuppressants could not modify the morphological and cell density aspects of the hypothalamic nuclei during this supplementation period.

Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) in the COVID-19 pandemic era / Trasplante de células progenitoras hematopoyéticas (TCPH)en la era del COVID-19

Abstract The pandemic of coronavirus infectious disease-2019 (COVID-19) caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a threat to global health. This has become an obstacle for the practice of hematology, mostly in low-middle income countries. For those hematologist and oncologists who perform hematopoietic stem cell transplantation HSCT the usual challenges of this kind of medical procedures have increased because of the COVID-19 pandemic. The importance of find the best route for performing HSCT avoiding excessive COVID-19 risk is of great importance. By doing so, we have been able to conduct 170 hematopoieic stem cell transplants during the COVID-19 pandemia.

Resumen La pandemia de COVID-19 ha causado daños graves a la práctica de la medicina y se ha convertido en un obstáculo para la práctica de algunas especialidades. Los trasplantes de células hematopoyéticas han sufrido las consecuencias de la pandemia y muchos centros de trasplante hematopoyético en todo el mundo suspendieron sus labores. Gracias a la implementación de medidas de escrutinio y aislamiento de los pacientes sometidos a trasplante hematopoyético, hemos podido trasplantar a 170 pacientes en la época del COVID-19.

Impact of COVID-19 on the number of transplants performed in Brazil during the pandemic. Current situation / Impacto do COVID-19 no número de transplantes no Brasil durante a pandemia. Situação atual

ABSTRACT The intense use of resources to combat COVID-19 causes concern in the entire transplant community because, in addition to physical limitations such as ICU beds, lack of homogeneous treatment protocols and uncertainties about the effects of immunosuppression on viral progression have significant impact on transplant surgeries. The aim of the present study is to comparatively assess the number of solid organ transplants performed in 2019 and 2020, as well as the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on organ donation and transplant surgeries in Brazil. The last 10 years have shown increasing trend in the number of solid organ transplants, which have significantly decreased in 2020. Lung transplantations were mostly affected by the pandemic; these surgeries have been carried out only in Rio Grande do Sul and São Paulo states. Liver transplantations were the least affected ones, since the number of surgeries have only decreased by 10.8% in the first three quarters of 2020, in comparison to 2019. The number of active patients on the waiting list for heart and kidney transplantation has increased in 2020. Therefore, it is necessary developing strategies to keep the structure necessary for organ transplantation processes active and, consequently, to reduce the impacts of the pandemic on these patients.

RESUMO A utilização intensa dos recursos para o combate da COVID-19 causa preocupação em toda comunidade de transplantes, pois além das limitações físicas, como leitos de UTI, a falta de protocolos homogêneos para tratamentos e as incertezas dos efeitos da imunossupressão na progressão do vírus, resultam em um impacto significativo nas cirurgias de transplantes. O objetivo do presente estudo é avaliar comparativamente o número de transplantes de órgãos sólidos realizados nos anos de 2019 e 2020, e o impacto da pandemia na doação e transplantes de órgãos no Brasil. Considerando os últimos 10 anos, é possível observar uma tendência de aumento no número de transplantes de órgãos sólidos, com queda expressiva no ano de 2020. O transplante pulmonar foi o mais atingido pela pandemia, sendo realizado apenas nos estados do Rio Grande do Sul e São Paulo. O transplante hepático foi o menos afetado, apresentando uma diminuição de apenas 10,8% nos três primeiros trimestres de 2020, quando comparados com 2019. Sobre os pacientes ativos em lista de espera, houve um aumento em 2020 para transplante de coração e rim. Portanto, estratégias devem ser desenvolvidas para que a estrutura necessária ao processo de transplantes de órgãos se mantenha ativa, reduzindo assim os impactos da pandemia sobre estes pacientes.

Infectious events in kidney transplant recipients from deceased expanded criteria donors: a prospective cohort / Eventos infecciosos en receptores de trasplante renal de donante fallecido con criterios expandidos: cohorte prospectiva / Eventos infecciosos em receptores de transplante renal de doador falecido com critério expandido: coorte prospectiva

ABSTRACT Objective: Analyze risk factors for infection in kidney transplant recipients from deceased expanded criteria donors (DECD) in the first two years of follow-up. Method: This is a prospective cohort study with 466 patients from DECD who underwent kidney transplantation in 2015 and 2016 in Brazil. A total of 551 events were recorded. The largest incidence of infectious events occurred in the first month after kidney transplantation. Cytomegalovirus infection was the most common infectious episode. Results: The incidence rate of infections was 57.1%. Among bacterial infections, only 4% were due to multidrug-resistant microorganisms. The death rate was 3.3% (15) patients. The main cause of death was infectious (73.3%). Hospitalization until the first infection (aOR:1.61), Number of infections in 1 year (aOR:40.16), and Cytomegalovirus infection (aOR:13.84) was risk factors for infection by multidrug resistant microorganisms (MDR). Conclusion: Infection incidence with MDR bacteria was high among kidney transplant recipients from DECD, and the main cause of death was infection. Survival was high among patients with infection.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Analizar los factores de riesgo de infección en receptores de trasplante renal de donante fallecido con criterios expandidos (DFCE) en los dos primeros años de seguimiento. Método: Estudio prospectivo de cohorte con 466 pacientes con DFCE sometidos a trasplante renal, en 2015 y 2016, en Brasil. Se registraron un total de 551 eventos. La mayor incidencia de eventos infecciosos ocurrió en el primer mes después del trasplante de riñón. La infección por citomegalovirus fue el episodio infeccioso más común. Resultados: La tasa de incidencia de infecciones fue del 57,1%. Entre las infecciones bacterianas, solo el 4% se debió a microorganismos multirresistentes. La tasa de mortalidad fue del 3,3% (15) pacientes. La principal causa de muerte fue infecciosa (73,3%). La hospitalización hasta la primera infección (ORa: 1,61), el número de infecciones en 1 año (ORa: 40,16) y la infección por citomegalovirus (ORa: 13,84) fueron factores de riesgo de infección por microorganismos multirresistentes (MR). Conclusión: La incidencia de infección bacteriana por MR fue alta entre los receptores de trasplante renal DFCE y la principal causa de muerte fue la infección. La supervivencia fue alta entre los pacientes con infección.

RESUMO Objetivo: Analisar fatores de risco para infecção em receptores de transplante renal de doador falecido com critério expandido (DFCE) nos primeiros dois anos de seguimento. Método: Trata-se de estudo de coorte prospectivo, com 466 pacientes do DFCE submetidos a transplante renal, em 2015 e 2016, no Brasil. Um total de 551 eventos foram registrados. A maior incidência de eventos infecciosos ocorreu no primeiro mês após o transplante renal. A infecção por citomegalovírus foi o episódio infeccioso mais comum. Resultados: A taxa de incidência de infecções foi de 57,1%. Entre as infecções bacterianas, apenas 4% foram devidas a microrganismos multirresistentes. A taxa de mortalidade foi de 3,3% (15) pacientes. A principal causa de morte foi infecciosa (73,3%). Hospitalização até a primeira infecção (ORa: 1,61), número de infecções em 1 ano (ORa: 40,16) e infecção por citomegalovírus (ORa: 13,84) foram fatores de risco para infecção por microrganismos multirresistentes (MR). Conclusão: A incidência de infecção por bactérias MR foi alta entre receptores de transplante renal de DFCE, e a principal causa de morte foi infecção. A sobrevivência foi alta entre os pacientes com infecção.

Biovigilância no processo de doação de órgãos e tecidos durante a pandemia: desafios para o enfermeiro / Biovigilance in the process of organ and tissue donation during the pandemic: challenges for nurses / Biovigilancia en el proceso de donación de órganos y tejidos durante la pandemia: desafíos para el enfermero

Objetivo: identificar as estratégias desenvolvidas pelo enfermeiro capazes de manter a biovigilância no processo de doação de órgãos e tecidos a fim de minimizar o risco de transmissão da COVID-19 entre doadores, receptores e equipes de saúde. Método: pesquisa exploratória, com abordagem qualitativa, apoiada no referencial teórico sobre a biovigilância da Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária. Realizou-se a coleta de dados por meio de formulário on-line composto por questões abertas. Participaram 52 enfermeiros atuantes nas estruturas do Sistema Nacional de Transplantes. Os dados foram analisados pela Análise de Conteúdo. Resultados: identificou-se que o monitoramento e o controle no processo de doação, embasados na investigação clínica do potencial doador e na investigação familiar e comunitária, bem como a modificação da cultura de segurança na instituição, por meio da elaboração de protocolos e diretrizes para o cuidado do potencial doador, foram estratégias elaboradas pelo enfermeiro durante a pandemia com o objetivo de manter a segurança do paciente. Conclusão e implicações para a prática: as estratégias desenvolvidas pelos enfermeiros foram o monitoramento e o controle dos possíveis riscos relacionados com a contaminação do potencial doador pelo vírus SARS-CoV-2 e a modificação da cultura de segurança a partir da elaboração e implantação de protocolos, de modo a assegurar a continuidade da doação e o transplante de órgãos e tecidos, garantindo a segurança e a qualidade nesse processo

Objective: to identify the strategies developed by nurses capable of maintaining biovigilance in the process of organ and tissue donation in order to minimize the risk of transmission of COVID-19 among donors, recipients and health care teams. Method: an exploratory research, with a qualitative approach, supported by the theoretical framework on biovigilance of the Brazilian Health Regulatory Agency. Data were collected using an online form composed of open questions. Fifty-two nurses who work in the structures of the National Transplant System participated. The data was analyzed by Content Analysis. Results: it was identified that the monitoring and control of the donation process, based on the clinical investigation of the potential donor and on the family and community investigation, as well as the modification of the safety culture in the institution, through the development of protocols and guidelines for the care of the potential donor, were strategies developed by nurses during the pandemic in order to maintain patient safety. Conclusion and practice implications: the strategies developed by the nurses were the monitoring and control of possible risks related to the contamination of the potential donor by the SARS-CoV-2 virus and the modification of the safety culture through the development and implementation of protocols, in order to ensure the continuity of donation and transplantation of organs and tissues, ensuring safety and quality in this process

Objetivo: identificar las estrategias desarrolladas por el enfermero capaces de mantener la biovigilancia en el proceso de donación de órganos y tejidos para minimizar el riesgo de transmisión de COVID-19 entre donantes, receptores y equipos de salud. Método: investigación exploratoria con enfoque cualitativo, sustentada en el marco teórico sobre biovigilancia de la Agencia Nacional de Vigilancia Sanitaria. Los datos se recopilaron a través de un formulario en línea compuesto por preguntas abiertas. Participaron 52 enfermeros que laboran en las estructuras del Sistema Nacional de Trasplantes. Los datos se analizaron mediante análisis de contenido. Resultados: se identificó que el monitoreo y control en el proceso de donación, basado en la investigación clínica del potencial donante y en la investigación familiar y comunitaria, así como la modificación de la cultura de seguridad en la institución, mediante el desarrollo de protocolos y guías de el cuidado del donante potencial, fueron estrategias desarrolladas por el enfermero durante la pandemia con el fin de mantener la seguridad del paciente. Conclusión e implicaciones para la práctica: las estrategias desarrolladas por los enfermeros fueron el monitoreo y control de posibles riesgos relacionados con la contaminación del potencial donante por el virus SARS-CoV-2 y la modificación de la cultura de seguridad a partir del desarrollo e implementación de protocolos, con el fin de asegurar la continuidad de la donación y trasplante de órganos y tejidos, garantizando la seguridad y calidad en este proceso

Arthroscopic superior capsular reconstruction of irreparable massive rotator cuff tearsras using "Sandwich" patch graft / 中华骨科杂志

Objective:To investigate the effect of arthroscopic superior capsular reconstruction (ASCR) of irreparable massive rotator cuff tears (RCTs) using the "Sandwich" patch graft (autologous fascia lata + LARS artificial ligament + autologous fascia lata).Methods:The patients with irreparable massive RCTs who underwent ASCR by using "Sandwich" patch graft were retrospectively evaluated between December 2016 and October 2018. All cases were followed up more than two years. The pain and function of the shoulder were evaluated by visual analogue scale (VAS), active forward elevation (aFE), American Shoulder & Elbow Surgeons score (ASES), University of California Los Angeles (UCLA) score, and Constant-Murley score. The acromiohumeral distance (AHD) and patch healing were assessed by shoulder X-ray and MRI scan.Results:Twenty-nine patients (12 males and 17 females) were enrolled for final analysis. The average age was 66.0±5.88 years (range 55-77 years). The average length of follow-up was 35.3±7.20 months (range 24-46 months). The tendon of the subscapularis muscle was intacted in 13 cases and repairable in 16 cases. All patients' teres minor muscles were intact and the function of deltoid muscles was all complete. Based on Hamada classification of massive RCTs, 11 cases with type 2, 14 cases with type 3, and 4 cases with type 4. At the last follow-up visit, the AFE of the surgical shoulder was 158.45°±23.87° (range 70°-180°), which was significantly higher than before the surgery 92.59°±45.99° (range 20°-160°, t=6.190, P<0.001). The ASES score was 92.92±9.08 (range 64-100), UCLA score was 31.62±3.93 (range 19-35), and Constant-Murley score was 85.8±8.44 (range 68-94), which were higher than those before the operation 30.69±12.99 (range 68-95), 10.93±3.43 (range 4-17), 39.62±12.68 (range 14-55). There were significant differences between them, respectively ( t=21.145, P<0.001; t=21.348, P<0.001; t=16.333, P<0.001). The VAS was 0.41±0.57 (range 0-2 points), which was significantly lower than that of 4.90±1.05 (range 3-7 points) before operation ( t=20.267, P<0.001). At the last follow-up visit, MRI showed that the AHD increased from 3.31±1.57 mm (range 1.1-6.6 mm) to 6.94±1.76 mm (range 3.0-10.8 mm) significantly ( t=12.195, P<0.001). Radiological outcomes were evaluated according to MRI, the total healing rate was 89.7% (26/29). There were two cases of complete tears, which including one case of infection and 1 partial tears. Conclusion:ASCR of irreparable massive RCTs using "Sandwich" patch graft showed the high healing rate in the short-term follow-up, which is possible to restore the shoulder functions early. It is an effective method for the treatment of irreparable massive RCTs.

Situación actual de los bancos de tejidos en Colombia: tejido cardiovascular / An update on cardiovascular tissue banks in Colombia

Resumen Introducción: ¿Cuál es la situación actual técnica y productiva de los cuatro bancos que están certificados en buenas prácticas para tejido cardiovascular en Colombia si se comparan con estándares internacionales? Objetivo: Caracterizar la capacidad técnica y la actividad de los bancos certificados del país para tejido cardiovascular durante el periodo de tiempo 2014 a 2016. Metodología: Mediante una encuesta realizada por vía teleconferencia a cada banco, se evaluaron ítems de donación, extracción, procesamiento, almacenamiento, distribución y capacidad de producción de los tejidos cardiovasculares. La información referida por las instituciones fue complementada con actas de certificación de buenas prácticas del INVIMA y la suministrada por el INS de las estadísticas reportadas por los mismos bancos durante el periodo 2014 a 2016. Resultados: El tejido cardiovascular procesado por los bancos colombianos procede principalmente de donantes con muerte encefálica y es extraído directamente en el quirófano; la edad de los donantes va desde recién nacidos hasta los 60 años. Cuando se requiere, el antibiótico de elección es la vancomicina. El almacenamiento más usado es la criopreservación y su distribución se hace principalmente a grupos quirúrgicos preestablecidos e intrainstitucionales. Conclusiones: El desarrollo del banqueo de este tipo de tejido está muy rezagado en Colombia respecto a otros países, debido a las dificultades de donación, extracción y utilización por grupos con alta experticia; adicionalmente, la normativa utilizada para evaluar estas instituciones está muy desactualizada.

Abstract Introduction: A study is performed to determine if the current technical and productive situation of the four cardiovascular tissue banks that have Good Practice Certificates in Colombia compare with international standards. Objective: To determine the technical capacity and activity of the banks certified by the country for cardiovascular tissue during the period from 2014 to 2016. Methodology: The items analysed using a questionnaire completed by teleconference to each bank were, donation, extraction, processing, storage, distribution, and production capacity of the cardiovascular tissues. The information provided by the institutions was complemented with the Minutes of Good Practice Certification of the Colombia National Food and Drug Surveillance Institute (INVIMA) as well as the statistics reported by the banks themselves and provided by the National Health Institute (INS) during the period 2014 to 2016. Results: The cardiovascular tissue processed by Colombian tissue banks mainly comes from donors with brain death, and is extracted directly in the operating theatre. The age of the donors go from newborn up to 60 years-old. When used, the antibiotic of choice is vancomycin. The most used storage method is cryopreservation, and is mainly distributed to established and institutional surgical groups. Conclusions: The development of this type of tissue bank is lagging behind in Colombia compared to other countries. This is due to the difficulties in donation, extraction, and use by groups with high expertise. Furthermore, the guidelines used to evaluate these institutions are very out of date.

Desempenho das comissões intra-hospitalares de doação de órgãos e tecidos para transplantes / Performance of intra-hospital commission of organ and tissue donation for transplantation

Estudo realizado com o objetivo de avaliar o desempenho das Comissões Intra-Hospitalares de Doação de Órgãos e Tecidos para Transplantes da Macrorregional Norte do Paraná, Brasil, segundo o tipo das Comissões. Estudo de avaliação com 7.383 notificações de 16 hospitais sobre potenciais doadores de órgãos e tecidos, cujos óbitos ocorreram em 2015. Os dados foram analisados por meio dos indicadores de desempenho em que aproximadamente metade dos doadores elegíveis por morte encefálica se tornaram efetivos nas comissões tipos II e III, sem diferenças significativas (p=0,579). O melhor desempenho na doação de órgãos e tecidos foi obtido pelas comissões do tipo III. Os resultados fornecem subsídios aos gestores para estimular e capacitar os membros das comissões, a fim de melhorar os indicadores de desempenho e eficiência das doações e, assim, aumentar o número de transplantes. (AU)

Study performed with the objective to analyze the performance of the Intra-Hospital Commission of Organ and Tissue Donation for Transplantation of Macro-regional North of Paraná, Brazil, in according with the Commissions type. Evaluation study with 7,383 reports from 16 hospitals about potential donors, whose deaths occurred in 2015. Data provided by the State Transplant Center were analyzed through the performance indicators where approximately half of the donors eligible for brain death became effective in commission types II and III, and there were no significant differences between their performance (p=0,579). The best performance in organ and tissue donation was obtained by commission type III. The results provide support to managers to stimulate and empower commission members in order to improve donor performance and efficiency indicators and thus increase the transplants number. (AU)

Melatonin and organ transplantation: what is the relationship?

SUMMARY Melatonin has anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties that can influence tissue growth and apoptosis. This aspect may influence the success of organ transplantation. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the relationship between melatonin and organ transplantation. METHODS A systematic review was performed in PubMed databases using the search terms: "melatonin physiology" or "melatonin therapy" and "transplant pharmacology" or "transplant physiology" or "transplant therapy" or "Transplant therapy". Experiments on the organs of the reproductive system were not included. After analysis, five articles were selected after reading the title and abstract of 50 manuscripts. The works were divided into two aspects: a) analysis of the influence of the organ transplantation procedure on melatonin production; b) action of melatonin on organ transplantation. RESULTS The cardiac transplantation surgical procedure, immunosuppression, and graft did not influence melatonin secretion in rodents, but there was a significant reduction of melatonin in the renal transplantation procedure in patients with renal insufficiency. Melatonin administration in experimental models decreased rejection and improved transplant success. CONCLUSION Studies show that melatonin can reduce organ and species dependence, and the use of melatonin decreases graft rejection.

RESUMO A melatonina tem propriedades anti-inflamatórias e antioxidantes que podem influenciar o crescimento e a apoptose dos tecidos. Esse aspecto pode influenciar o sucesso do transplante de órgãos. OBJETIVO Avaliar a relação entre a melatonina e o transplante de órgãos. MÉTODO A revisão sistemática foi realizada nas bases de dados do PubMed, usando os termos de pesquisa: "fisiologia da melatonina" ou "terapêutica da melatonina" e "farmacologia do transplante" ou "fisiologia do transplante" ou "terapêutica do transplante" ou "terapia do transplante". Não foram incluídos os experimentos sobre os órgãos do sistema reprodutivo. Após análise, cinco artigos foram selecionados após a leitura do título e do resumo de 50 manuscritos. Os trabalhos foram divididos em duas vertentes: a) análise da influência do procedimento de transplante de órgão na produção de melatonina; b) ação da melatonina sobre o transplante de órgãos. RESULTADOS O procedimento cirúrgico do transplante cardíaco, a imunossupressão e o enxerto não influenciaram a secreção de melatonina em roedores, mas houve redução significante da melatonina nos casos do procedimento de transplante renal em pacientes com insuficiência renal. A ministração de melatonina em modelos experimentais diminuiu a rejeição e melhorou o sucesso de transplante. CONCLUSÃO Os estudos mostram que a melatonina pode reduzir a dependência da espécie e do órgão e que o emprego da melatonina diminui a rejeição do órgão.